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Thoroughly Revised And Updated, The New Second Edition Of Neville Robbins’ Beginning Number Theory Includes All Of The Major Topics Covered In A Classic Number Theory Course And Blends In Numerous Applications And Specialized Treatments Of Number Theory, Including Cryptology, Fibonacci Numbers, And Computational Number Theory. The Text Strikes A Balance Between Traditional And Algorithmic Approaches To Elementary Number Theory And Is Supported With Numerous Exercises, Applications, And Case Studies Throughout. Computer Exercises For CAS Systems Are Also Included.
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Title: Beginning Number Theory. Author: Neville Robbins. Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Pub. Published: 2005-12-29. ISBN-13: 689. Category: Binding: Hardcover (2). List Price: 165.95 USD. OpenISBN URL: http://www.openisbn.com/isbn//.
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The (/ðə,ðiː/(listen)) is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers or speakers. It is the definite article in English. The is the most commonly used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words.[1] It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with pronouns of any gender[a]. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers.
Pronunciation
In most dialects, 'the' is pronounced as /ðə/ (with the voiced dental fricative/ð/ followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as /ðiː/ (homophone of pronoun thee) when followed by a vowel sound or used as an emphatic form.[2]
Modern American and New Zealand English have an increasing tendency to limit usage of /ðiː/ pronunciation and use /ðə/, even before a vowel.[3][4]
Adverbial
Definite article principles in English are described under 'Use of articles'. The, as in phrases like 'the more the better', has a distinct origin and etymology and by chance has evolved to be identical to the definite article.[5]
Article
The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se (in the masculine gender), sēo (feminine), and þæt (neuter). In Middle English, these had all merged into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word the.[6]
Geographic usage
An area in which the use or non-use of the is sometimes problematic is with geographic names:
- notable natural landmarks – rivers, seas, mountain ranges, deserts, island groups (archipelagoes) and so on – are generally used with a 'the' definite article (the Rhine, the North Sea, the Alps, the Sahara, the Hebrides).
- continents, individual islands, administrative units and settlements mostly do not take a 'the' article (Europe, Jura, Austria (but the Republic of Austria), Scandinavia, Yorkshire (but the County of York), Madrid).
- beginning with a common noun followed by of may take the article, as in the Isle of Wight or the Isle of Portland (compare Christmas Island), same applies to names of institutions: Cambridge University, but the University of Cambridge.
- Some names include an article, such as the Bronx, The Valley, The Farrington, The Quarter, The Plains, The Dalles, The Pas, the Vatican, The Hyde, the West End, the East End, The Hague, or the City of London (but London).
- generally described singular names, the North Island (New Zealand) or the West Country (England), take an article.
Countries and territorial regions are notably mixed, most exclude 'the' but there are some that adhere to secondary rules:
- derivations from collective common nouns such as 'kingdom', 'republic', 'union', etc.: the Central African Republic, the Dominican Republic, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United Arab Emirates, including most country full names:[7][8]the Czech Republic (but Czechia), the Russian Federation (but Russia), the Principality of Monaco (but Monaco), the State of Israel (but Israel) and the Commonwealth of Australia (but Australia).[9][10][11]
- countries in a plural noun: the Netherlands, the Falkland Islands, the Faroe Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Philippines, the Comoros, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and The Bahamas.
- Singular derivations from 'island' or 'land' that hold administrative rights – Greenland, England, Christmas Island and Norfolk Island – do not take a 'the' definite article.
- derivations from mountain ranges, rivers, deserts, etc., are sometimes used with an article, even for singular, (the Lebanon, the Sudan, the Yukon, the Congo).[12] This usage is in decline, The Gambia remains recommended where as use of the Argentine for Argentina is considered old-fashioned. Ukraine is occasionally referred to as the Ukraine, a usage that was common during the 20th Century, possibly originating with Ukrainian immigrant scholars not fluent in English referring to the country as so.[13]Sudan (but the Republic of the Sudan) and South Sudan (but the Republic of South Sudan) are written nowadays without the article.
Abbreviations
Since 'the' is one of the most frequently used words in English, at various times short abbreviations for it have been found:
- Barred thorn: the earliest abbreviation, it is used in manuscripts in the Old English language. It is the letter þ with a bold horizontal stroke through the ascender, and it represents the word þæt, meaning 'the' or 'that' (neuter nom. / acc.).
- þͤ and þͭ (þ with a superscript e or t) appear in Middle English manuscripts for 'þe' and 'þat' respectively.
- yͤ and yͭ are developed from þͤ and þͭ and appear in Early Modern manuscripts and in print (see Ye form).
Occasional proposals have been made by individuals for an abbreviation. In 1916, Legros & Grant included in their classic printers' handbook Typographical Printing-Surfaces, a proposal for a letter similar to Ħ to represent 'Th', thus abbreviating 'the' to ħe.[14]
In Middle English, the (þe) was frequently abbreviated as a þ with a small e above it, similar to the abbreviation for that, which was a þ with a small t above it. During the latter Middle English and Early Modern English periods, the letter thorn (þ) in its common script, or cursive form, came to resemble a y shape. As a result, the use of a y with an e above it () as an abbreviation became common. This can still be seen in reprints of the 1611 edition of the King James Version of the Bible in places such as Romans 15:29, or in the Mayflower Compact. Historically, the article was never pronounced with a y sound, even when so written.
References
- ^Norvig, Peter. 'English Letter Frequency Counts: Mayzner Revisited'.
- ^'the – definition'. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010). A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 110.
- ^Hay, Jennifer (2008). New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 44.
- ^'the, adv.1.' OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2016. Web. 11 March 2016.
- ^'The and That Etymologies'. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ^Countries: Designations and abbreviations to use
- ^'FAO Country Profiles'. www.fao.org.
- ^Using ‘the’ with the Names of Countries
- ^List of Countries, Territories and Currencies
- ^UNGEGN World Geographical Names
- ^Swan, Michael How English Works, p. 25
- ^Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'? by Andrew Gregorovich, infoukes.com
- ^Missed Opportunity for Ligatures